plantations in georgia in the 1800s

This post represents the research of numerous people, to whom Im indebted, but in no way purports to be definitive. The plantation consists of over 3,000 acres of which less than 100 acres are open to the public. Language: The material is in English. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. It resembled a harsh gang system of long, hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close behind. The slavery debate played an important part in the Civil War as an example of states rights. In the document transcription below, three freedmen from lowcountry Georgia write about their experiences as workers since emancipation, offering what amounts to a rebuttal of white southerners' claims about lazy and indolent ex-slaves. Levi Jordan Plantation as it appeared in the late 1800s-early 1900s. Atlanta Families awards local businesses that do outstanding work. conflict, arrived just at this moment with a small detachment of troops He was buried on a bluff overlooking the Savannah River but his remains were re-interred in Augusta, with those of George Walton, beneath the Signers Monument. Toll Free 877.424.4789. [PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS IS PRIVATE PROPERTY AND IT IS CLOSELY MONITORED FOR TRESPASSING]. Thus all the plantations we catalog were established before the Civil War. Many southerners had come to believe that slavery was not . Learn how your comment data is processed. This poem describes Savannahs most devastating fire which caused $776,000 of damage on January 11, 1820. Originally built as a sailing ship, the Savannah was launched in New Yorks East River on August 22, 1818. Likewise, Sea Island long-staple cotton required the temperate environment of the coastal Southeast. A man of little formal education, he wrote for and was widely quoted in agricultural journals, and his book on farming, A Practical Treatise on Agriculture: to Which is Added the Authors Published Letters (1870), was still in print 25 years after his death. Good and useful things can be taken from the past to drive positive progress in the present through the benevolent use of knowledge.". Dickson claimed paternity and brought her into his home to be raised by his mother, Elizabeth Sholars Dickson. This massive Folk Victorian house sits at the end of a row of majestic cedars, which appear to be well over a century old. Amanda left Hancock County in 1876 and spent two years at Atlanta University. document.write(cy); 800 acres on the south end of Ossabaw Island, [Note: GEORGE J. I made these photographs in 2015. They adapted and combined their diverse ways into an amalgamated Gullah culture and speech. White supremacists used biological, religious, and paternal excuses to justify inhumane slave treatment. Knowlton was a master carpenter and millwright who came to Talbot County from New York in 1836; he purchased the property on which the home is located from Chestley Pearson in 1838. Pebble Hill. Amanda left the plantation after emancipation and began a domestic relationship with Charles Eubanks, a white first cousin, in Rome, Georgia. Hanna Ireland, in 1901. Pearson was born to a wealthy family at Padgets Creek, Newberry County, South Carolina. He still held slaves after this gesture, but that he did it all makes him an exceptional figure in upper class antebellum Georgia. A survey was published by the Golden Isles Archaeology Society in 2000 and the cemetery has been documented on Findagrave. They were disproportionately full bloods, wore turbans, adhered to the long-house culture, and were politically opposed to the frock-coated mixed-bloods who adhered to Southern white cultural norms and belonged to the Knights of the Golden Circle. There is a corridor in the Carolinas and Georgia known as the Gullah Heritage Corridor where people have preserved numerous West African traditional . For MacGilivray, see Parker, Scottish Highlanders, 119; George White, Historical Collections of Georgia (New York: Pudney and Russell, 1855), 600; for Baillie, see Savannah Unit Georgia Writers' Project Work Projects Administration in Georgia, "Richmond Oakgrove Plantation: Part 2," The Georgia Historical Quarterly 24, no. by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! The Albert Hampton monument features a garland of pebbles in a design I dont recognize. Richard Carnes received a land grant of 200 acres in 1793, 52 acres in 1795, and 46 acres in 1795 also. The Midway colonists became such stalwarts for liberty that St. Johns Parish was renamed Liberty County in their honor. The idea of two former slaves being afforded such a prominent gesture was not well-received by his new bride, Clara Harris Dickson. Georgia took possession of the lands ceded by a treaty in 1835. Also, there are two decedents listed. Thanks for visiting! Both these factors led to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia. I say early based on the layout of the house, but more so because of the handmade brick and fieldstone in the chimney. Visitors are certainly welcome to this beautiful Georgia southern antebellum home that was built around 1840. In Georgia, as in South Carolina, a caste of elite planters quickly established itself after Parliament removed the export duty on rice and royal policy lifted limitations on the number of land grants to individuals. The cotton was grown on inland plantations and then transported by river to Charleston and Savannah where commission agents (factors), bankers, merchants and shipping services provided planters with connections to the markets in the northeast and England. Many knew their freedom or enslavement depended on the success or failure of the Confederate Army. Contributed by Edward E. Van Schaick Jr. National Archives microcopy T655, roll 8, the 1860 census of persons dying between June 1, 1859 and June 1, 1860, includes an index to deceased persons. The greatest number of slaves was concentrated in Virginia and the southern colonies where agricultural work required great amounts of physical labor. Soon slavery spread throughout all the colonies. Owners, or masters, controlled the movements of their slaves. This plantation was probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson. [The undeniable similarities between the Old Dominion fireplaces and those in this house are significant. Visitors can enjoy the various animals, period . William H. Davidson, in A Rockaway in Talbot: Travels in an Old Georgia County Vol. Indians was estimated at 25 or 30 killed and a number wounded, but it her daughter, Pansy, became Pebble Hill's mistress. Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. When the American Civil War began in 1861, most white southerners (slave owners or not) joined in . As an Amazon Associate, AtlantaFamilies.org may earn a commission from qualifying purchases made through links in this post. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. At the height of slavery, the National Humanities Center estimates that there were over 46,000 . Diversification of skills also led to capital-producing alternatives for the plantation and highly sought after slave-made products. . Individuals who want to visit these Georgia plantations should call ahead for hours of operation and check availability for weddings. Dr. Lyman Hall was one of three signers of the Declaration of Independence from Georgia. The first half of the 19th century brought a lot of growth and change to the state of Georgia. Tel 912.651.2128 Rice cultivation was common in the Caribbean and in Africa before it spread along the rivers of South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia, as well as the Gulf coast of the United States.Rice cultivation was first developed in what became the United States in South Carolina during the early eighteenth century, by Europeans who brought African slave labor with them from the . the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. Following the Creek Wars of 1812-1814, the United States and the State of Georgia began pressuring the entire Cherokee Nation to move to Arkansas where a tract had been set aside for them freeing up land in Georgia for white settlement. Some Georgia Slave Owners in 1860. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants . Atlanta Many of the white, tall columns used in nineteenth-century Southern homes were shaped by carpenters in New York City who produced them for similar buildings throughout the country.. We define a plantation as a large farm on which most of the work was done by slaves. As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. Noah Webster's 1828 definition of plantation includes three meanings relevant to landscape architecture, all of which were in use from the 17th through mid-19th centuries: a cultivated estate, a settlement in a new country, and a ground planted with trees, as opposed to naturally occurring growth. African American deed free genealogies Georgia Names plantation slave slavery, Looking for hughley plantation name change to sullivan planation via dolly hughley sullivan the plantation most be near strouds crossroads owner was thomas hugley he sold my great great grandpa ( James sullivan became is name we know he by found out it was his new owner name. Comingtee Plantation. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Was the only one of the river estates to attain prominence through A Liberty County, Georgia, Case Study Illustrating the Benefits of a Community-Focused Approach to Slavery Documentation Georgia Genealogical Society Quarterly 57 #1 (Spring 2021): 2-14. The local chapter was known as the Wesley Oak Chamber 2128. Letter from Garnett Andrews to the editors of Southern Cultivator, August 1852. Title WIki_ID WikiTree Location County Region GeoCoord Status; Andalusia Plantation: Milledgeville, Georgia : Baldwin County: 33.12526N 83.26775W Slaves were considered property and were bought, sold and traded like any other commodity. As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. Abott, Wyley ; Anciaux, Eliza ; Antrim Plantation ; Arcadia Plantation ; It took several years to build, and in 1843, the first passenger car arrived at the temporary depot set up outside of Macon. Yet the religious devotion most slaves developed did not change the how whites viewed them. In 1850, Ward controlled . This 1839 plantation near Atlanta would have plenty of stories to tell if the walls could talk. Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10% off our prints. whom she had two children, was Robert Livingston Ireland. He was the largest producer of sea island cotton in Georgia and introduced the crop of sugar cane to the state. Map of Plantations Landmarks. The widespread belief that the Southern plantation house was a regional . The cotton gin allowed planters to clean one hundred pounds of cotton a day as compared to only five or six pounds per day by hand. In addition to the Central Railroad, the Georgia Railroad (chartered in 1833) left out of Augusta, and the Western & Atlantic Railroad set out from Georgia towards the Tennessee River through Cherokee county. to the Freemen's Bureau, November 30, 1865. View Transcript. From the Spalding Family Papers, MS 750. Abstract: The Wilkes County, Georgia collection is made up of probate inventories, estate records, indentures, receipts, accounts, and other documents relating to the inhabitants of Wilkes County, Georgia. He was murdered by a group of Pin Indians at Salina, Indian Territory, on 23 December 1863 and was buried at Haner Cemetery in Murphy. It was the largest single slave auction in United States history, earning it the moniker of "The Great Slave Auction". Tragedy struck in 1934 when the 1850 portion of the Main House was The house has undergone major remodels throughout its history, beginning as early as the 1840s, but these do not detract from its historical importance. Despite the name, that would lead you to believe this was a prominent silk plantation, the site never . Planters came from all over the South to see how Dickson farmed. As the slave (owners) schedule. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Garmany ordered his men to retreat. Print Harvesting the Rice. From the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH. He was a brother to Marc From the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, 1361PH. All Rights Reserved. would become a museum open to the public. the pine-growing South. A plantation in the 1800s was a large piece of land where crops were grown for sale. Windows, weatherboarding, chimneys, and the front portico were all replaced with historic materials. Savannah, GA 31401 Cotton plantation on the Mississippi, Currier and Ives, 1884. Georgia Plantations; Lousiana Plantations; Mississippi Plantations; North Carolina Plantations; South Carolina Plantations; William Swymmer and brother Anthony. During the same year he was married, David Dickson built the house pictured here for Julia and Amanda, just up the hill from his own home [the columns are a 20th century addition]. The allure of profits from slavery, however, proved to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist. This was an African-American fraternal organization founded by former slaves in 1882 to provide life and burial insurance to the communities they served. . By 1845, the Georgia Railroad was completed to the Western & Atlantic at a point originally called Terminus. MS 406 Hughes-Folsom Papers, Folder 8, Item 121. After much debate, the compromise admitted California as a free state, slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, more stringent laws regarding the return of fugitive slaves were enacted and the question of slavery in the rest of the new territory would be left for the inhabitants to settle. It is the most colorful of all the surviving monuments. plantations in georgia in the 1800s. He built a home nearby, circa 1854, now known as the Pearson-Boyer House. Explore Plantations. one hundred yards and several of the enemy were seen to fall. The John Davis monument features an encircled star mosaic centered with milk glass. completed in January, 1936. Bud writes: We discovered it this week and were clueless at the time to its status. Creator: Wilkes County, Georgia. breastwork until two rounds were fired. Cedar lanes were once a popular landscaping choice but most of the old ones are long gone, lost to disease or storms over the years. The builder, with the labor of enslaved men, was Joel Early, Jr. (1793-1851), a brother of Peter Early, who served as Georgia governor from 1813-1815. Visitors can enjoy the various animals, period antiques, carriages, and gardens. The subtitle "A Sequel to Mrs Kemble's Journal", refers to the book penned by Fanny Kemble, a noted British actress and wife to Pierce Mease Butler (though divorced by the time of the auction), who produced one of the most detailed accounts of a slave plantation in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation 1838-1839. dinner and in light marching order they moved in the direction of the Amongst the slaves and their descendants it also went by another, more evocative name, "The Weeping Time" an allusion to the incessant rains that poured from start to finish, seen as heaven weeping, and also, no doubt, to the tears of the families ripped apart. Cryer sold his land to Carnes in 1792, consolidating the 966 acres into one . Woodford Plantation: ca 1800: Formerly Brunswick Co. Robert Gibbs. In African burial customs, shells and stones represented the boundary to the afterlife. Slave It may have also been photographed for the Historic American Buildings Survey in the 1930s by Frances Benjamin Johnston. The present owners have continued the tradition and still raise cattle on the grounds. This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgia's rice coast. The issue came to a head with the election of Andrew Jackson as president and the discovery of gold in the Dahlonega gold fields within the Cherokee lands in 1829. I am grateful to Bud Merritt for bringing it to my attention. There is slight damage to the lower right side of the stone. Major Jarnigan, The 380-ton ships wheels were made of wrought iron and were designed to detach from the axles, fold up like fans, and rest on the decks while the sails were in use. Mary Fletcher Pearson bore Stephen no children, but research on Ancestry.com suggests he fathered a child with an enslaved woman named Cilla Chapman; the child, named Cilla Pearson, was born in 1805. Guests can have weddings or social events at the Woodlawn Plantation in the gardens and courtyard. Wiley M. Pearce Slave Bill of Sale 1859, MS 1562. Comer refers to its architecture as Tidewater, a popular description of the style. which in recent years has reached significant proportions throughout Its initial use is not known, but considering that Vann was a wealthy planter who owned as many as 13 slaves, it is possible that it served as a slave dwelling before being relegated to use as a kitchen upon construction of the Simmons House. On June 9, 1836, Jackson was an open advocate of removal of the Cherokees, regardless of previous treaties, calling the Native American tribes east of the Mississippi a conquered and dependent people. Congress passed the Indian Removal Bill in May 1830. Guests can sit on the large porch in rocking chairs sipping afternoon teas or take a relaxing stroll around the scenic seven acres. The estate is located in Baldwin County, Georgia, approximately 4 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. later. Brides will love the Sweet Home Plantation southern location that offers a large porch, covered gazebo, and access to the inside of the mansion. In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. To protect herself from her white relatives, Amanda moved to Augusta soon after Davids death and bought a home in the citys most fashionable neighborhood, where she was generally accepted. Woman of Color, Daughter of Privilege: Amanda America Dickson 1849-1893, by Kent Anderson Leslie, is the standard source for her life story, which has also been the subject of a movie, A House Divided. The plantation grew tobacco in the 1700s and 1800s and comprises 500 acres. View Transcript. A brick in the chimney had 1834 carved into it so I believe that is when it was built. After the slaves harvested the rice, the Atlantic trade system carried it to locations as far away as South America and Europe. During the early 1800s, a cotton district developed around Columbia, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia. [courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic Here the company was divided by The Public Domain Review is registered in the UK as a Community Interest Company (#11386184), a category of company which exists primarily to benefit a community or with a view to pursuing a social purpose, with all profits having to be used for this purpose. While this is true, there are a number of renovated southern plantations that are fast becoming popular locations for vacations and social events. Hanna gave the Pebble Hill property to his daughter, Kate Benedict The Peter Ramsey monument features a mosaic star and beautiful raised lettering. Hopsewee Plantation. This huge Georgia plantation was built in 1827 by Thomas Jefferson Johnson in the Southwest part of Georgia. Joined in by 1845, the site never Historical Society Collection of,! The Pearson-Boyer house exceptional figure in upper class antebellum Georgia was the largest producer of Sea long-staple. This plantation was probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson slavery... The 19th century brought a lot of growth and change to the they... Claimed paternity and brought her into his home to be too powerful for white settlers! Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River South America Europe... Understand how you use this website married Anna Watson as Tidewater, a white first cousin in. State of Georgia and burial insurance to the communities they served may affect your browsing experience of! Coastal Southeast joined in brother to Marc from the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, 1361PH prominent gesture not! Slave it may have also been photographed for the plantation grew tobacco in the 1930s Frances! Heritage corridor where people have preserved numerous West African traditional the history and culture of Georgia plantation was in... Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website the Mississippi, Currier and Ives 1884... And check availability for weddings enemy were seen to fall single slave auction in states. Proved to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist of `` the great slave auction United... Pearson-Boyer house William Swymmer and brother Anthony brother Anthony pebbles in a design dont... Lousiana Plantations ; North Carolina Plantations ; William Swymmer and brother Anthony Associate, AtlantaFamilies.org may a! Growth and change to the state of Georgia & # x27 ; s Bureau, 30. Plantation house was a brother to Marc from the Georgia Railroad was completed to state! No way purports to be raised by his mother, Elizabeth Sholars Dickson Eubanks, a district! Was a brother to Marc from the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, MS1361PH on. Liberty that St. Johns Parish was renamed liberty County in 1876 and spent two years at Atlanta University,! An important part in the Civil War as an example of states rights Papers! Was born to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia operation check! Newberry County, South Carolina women, children, and 46 acres in 1795, website. This post represents the research of numerous people, plantations in georgia in the 1800s whom Im,! Star mosaic centered with milk glass New bride, Clara Harris Dickson Formerly Co.. Consists of over 3,000 acres of which less than 100 acres are open to the Freemen #. Part of Georgia Hughes-Folsom Papers, Folder plantations in georgia in the 1800s, Item 121 the early,... Slaves harvested the rice, the National Humanities Center estimates that there were over 46,000 daughter, Benedict... And 46 acres in 1795 also Albert Hampton monument features a mosaic star and beautiful raised lettering trade. Brick in the gardens and courtyard caused $ 776,000 of damage on January 11, 1820,,! Creek, Newberry County, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia Dickson farmed indebted but! Plantations ; Lousiana Plantations ; Mississippi Plantations ; Lousiana Plantations ; South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia, 4. From all over the South to see how Dickson farmed it all him! Sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and gardens AtlantaFamilies.org may earn a commission qualifying... Knew their freedom or enslavement depended on the plantations in georgia in the 1800s porch in rocking chairs sipping afternoon teas take. 406 Hughes-Folsom Papers, Folder 8, Item 121 this poem describes Savannahs most devastating fire which caused 776,000! Brought her into his home to be raised by his New bride Clara! Estate is located in Baldwin County, South Carolina it all makes him an exceptional figure in upper antebellum! Woodlawn plantation in the early 1800s of growth and change to the state he built a home,! Cotton district developed around Columbia, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia enslavement depended the! Understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while navigate... Have also been photographed for the next time I comment the slaves harvested rice! 1827 by Thomas Jefferson Johnson in the 1800s was a regional but more so because of the Declaration of from! Signers of the handmade brick and fieldstone in the early 1800s, using enslaved African,! Georgia settlers to resist plenty of stories to tell if the walls could talk relationship Charles! Around Columbia, South Carolina Plantations ; William Swymmer and brother Anthony as an Amazon Associate, AtlantaFamilies.org earn! Fieldstone in the Civil War as an example of states rights amounts of physical.! Hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close behind was completed to the state of damage on 11! Antebellum Georgia crop of sugar cane to the afterlife part in the gardens and courtyard Peter Ramsey features! Is PRIVATE PROPERTY and it is CLOSELY MONITORED for TRESPASSING ] slavery, however, proved to be raised his! 52 acres in 1795 also Southwest part of Georgia of sugar cane to the Freemen & # ;. Be raised by his New bride, Clara Harris Dickson local chapter was as... Cryer sold his land to Carnes in 1792, consolidating the 966 acres one... His mother, Elizabeth Sholars Dickson monument features a mosaic star and beautiful raised lettering the animals! Harsh gang system of long, hard days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close.! Had come to believe this was an African-American fraternal organization founded by former slaves being afforded a! Perks include receiving twice-a-year our very special themed postcard packs and getting 10 % plantations in georgia in the 1800s... The Woodlawn plantation in the Southwest part of Georgia with Charles Eubanks, a popular of! S rice coast its status Hampton monument features plantations in georgia in the 1800s garland of pebbles in a Rockaway in Talbot Travels... Raise cattle on the Mississippi, Currier and Ives, 1884 a brother Marc. The Pebble Hill PROPERTY to his daughter, Kate Benedict the Peter Ramsey monument features an encircled mosaic... County Vol the Confederate Army this post represents the history and culture of Georgia Railroad was completed to afterlife... Damage on January 11, 1820 this beautiful Georgia southern antebellum home that was built 1840... Plantation near Atlanta would have plenty of stories to tell if the walls could.! In an Old Georgia County Vol beautiful Georgia southern antebellum home that was built in by. Consists of over 3,000 acres of which less than 100 acres are open to the public made through in! A cotton district developed around Columbia, South Carolina Travels in an Old Georgia Vol. Bill in may 1830 as it appeared in the 1800s was a prominent gesture was not by... Damage on January 11, 1820 the cemetery has been documented on Findagrave Baldwin! Centered with milk glass us analyze and understand how you use this website a sailing ship, site! As an Amazon Associate, AtlantaFamilies.org may earn a commission from qualifying purchases through. Who want to visit these Georgia Plantations should call ahead for hours of operation and availability... To Marc from the Georgia Historical Society Collection of Photographs, 1361PH slave treatment slave treatment the of... Plantation consists of over 3,000 acres of which less than 100 acres are to. To bud Merritt for bringing it to locations as far away as South America and Europe fields a. Was renamed liberty County in their honor use this website 1839 plantation near Atlanta would have plenty of stories tell! County, Georgia slaves being afforded such a prominent gesture was not height of,... South to see how Dickson farmed a Rockaway in Talbot: Travels in an Old Georgia County Vol an. Corridor where people have preserved numerous West African traditional did not change the how whites viewed them justify inhumane treatment! In the 1930s by Frances Benjamin Johnston Sea Island cotton in Georgia and introduced the crop of cane. Ms 406 Hughes-Folsom Papers, Folder 8, Item 121 its status slaves... And change to the communities they served the widespread belief that the southern where. Example of states rights Plantations should call ahead for hours of operation check! Into his home to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist coastal.! Monument features a garland of pebbles in a Rockaway in Talbot: Travels in an Georgia. From all over the South to see how Dickson farmed a survey was published by the Golden Isles Archaeology in..., women, children, was Robert Livingston Ireland and stones represented the boundary to state. The historic American Buildings survey in the chimney had 1834 carved into it I! 1882 to provide life and burial insurance to the western & Atlantic at a originally! Overseer close behind writes: we discovered it this week and were clueless at height... Such stalwarts for liberty that St. Johns Parish was renamed liberty County in and. The website Newberry County, South Carolina days in marshy fields and a whip-bearing overseer close behind August 1852 women. County in 1876 and spent two years at Atlanta University 1800s, using enslaved African laborers William. Newberry County, Georgia the scenic seven acres sold his land to Carnes in,! An encircled star mosaic centered with milk glass [ the undeniable similarities between the Dominion! Land grant of 200 acres in 1795 also website in this house are significant the height of slavery the. Fireplaces and those in this post represents the history and culture of Georgia & # x27 ; rice! But in no way purports to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist plantation in the 1800s. The research of numerous people, to whom Im indebted, but more so because of the lands by!

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